American political system, contraception mandate act Essay - 1

American political system, contraception mandate act - Essay Example As policy solutions to the contraceptive mandate, the religious groups prefer to use the natural family planning methods instead of using contraceptives as a family planning method. In as much as the religious groups views the natural family planning as the best policy solution to the contraceptive mandate, officials views have so far failed to necessarily match the behavior (Cutrer, 2005). As part of the alternatives which the religious groups advocates for include the periodic abstinence or the aspect of post ponding pregnancy. The religious groups view these solutions as a perfect way of solutions in relation to the contraceptive mandate. As Msgr. Flanagan claims, it is always against the artificial contraception but the religious groups favor natural body rhythms thus the natural family planning methods (Pipes, 2013). In most cases, the religious groups never oppose mandates, which require them to be competent especially on medical personnel so that they could teach natural family planning forms to couples and not just women involved (Cutrer, 2005). The decree requires the religious group members to pay for something, which is usually immoral. Additionally, the religious organizations, which are against contraceptives use,should then teach their religious members on using some of these types of these methods (Pipes, 2013).However, it is always up to the members of the religious groups to decide on what type of contraceptive they would prefer to use. In as much as the church is against the use of contraceptives, the church cannot force an individual on what method of family planning they can use. According to Becky Lynn who is a Health care providers thus the OBGYN, the contraception mandate remains a crucial to not only the women but also people involved or the couple. The health providers are advocating for more coverage for all

Overview of Synthesis and Preparation Experiments

Overview of Synthesis and Preparation Experiments Introduction: As we know, Manganese is found in the first row of transition metal with the electron configuration [Ar] 3d5 4s2. Besides that, Manganese has different type of oxidation states when it appears as a compound and the oxidation state is from Mn(-III) until Mn(VII). So, we know that the compounds of manganese range in the oxidation number have a different of 10 electrons. In the experiment 1, we prepare tris(acetylacetonato)manganese(III), Mn(acac)3 by using manganese(II) chloride tetrahydrate and potassium permanganate act as oxidation agent to oxidise manganese(II) chloride to acetylacetonemanganese(III). Manganese(III) acetylacetonate is an one- electron oxidant. Manganese(III) acetylacetonate is high spin. It has also a distorted octahedral structure. This distortion is due to the Jahn-Teller effect. (Absolute Astronomy, 2009). The structure of Manganese(III) acetylacetonate is shown as below:- (Source: Tcieurope.com) The equation is as follow:- MnCl2 + 4H2O Mn(H2O)4Cl2 Mn(H2O)4] Cl + 2HC5H7O2 + NaC2H3O2 Mn(C5H7O2)2 + NaCl + HC2H2O2 4Mn(C5H7O2)2 + KMnO4 + 7HC5H7O2 + HC2H3O2 5Mn(C5H7O2)3 + KC2H3O2 + 4H2O Furthermore, bis(acetylacetonato)oxovanadium(IV) is also known as Vanadyl acetylacetonate, VO(acac)2. As we know, it is a blue green complex. bis(acetylacetonato)oxovanadium(IV) has a vanadyl group, VO2+. The vanadyl group is bonded to 2 acetylacetonate anions and the structure of the compound is as follow:- This complex can be made from vanadium(IV) or vanadium(V). In our experiment, bis(acetylacetonato)oxovanadium(IV) was prepared from vanadium(V) oxide and the equation is as follow:- V2O5 + 2H2SO4 + EtOH 2VOSO4 + 3H2O + CH3CHO VOSO4 + 2HC5H7O2 + Na2CO3 VO(C5H7O2)2 + Na2So4 + H2O + CO2 (Absolute Astronomy, 2009) Besides that, both of the acetylacetonato (acac) groups of bis(acetylacetonato)oxovanadium(IV) are able to be exchanged with organic ligands having coordinating atoms of different potentialities. (Maurya, 2003) Both Manganese(III) acetylacetonate and bis(acetylacetonato)oxovanadium(IV) are bond with acetylacetonate which known as ligand. The precursor for acetylacetonate is acetylacetone with formula CÂ ­5H8O2. However, acetylacetonate is an anion. It can bind to corresponding cation but it very hard to exist as a free ion in solution. In addition, Cobalt is a hard, gray metal. It has a proton number 27. Besided that, there are two types of cobalt ions namely Co2+ and Co3+. First, Co3+ ion is more weaker than the Co2+ ion. However, the complex ion formed with higher oxidation state is more stable. ( Â °zmir Institute of Technology, n.d.). So that, Cobalt(III) complexes are kinetically inert. Co3+ can undergo a process known as ligand exchange reactions slowly which compared to Co2+ complexes. The cobalt(III) complexes are usually in octahedral shape. In the experiment, chloropentaamminecobalt(III) chloride is being synthesized. The structure is as follow:- (Source: Chemicalbook.com) The complex is prepared by the oxidation of ammoniacal solution of cobalt(II) salts by using hydrogen peroxide. The formula is as follow:- Co2+ + NH4+ + 1/2H202 → [Co(NH3)5H20]3+ [Co(NH3)5H20]3+ + 3Cl- → [Co(NH3)5Cl]Cl2 + H20 ( Â °zmir Institute of Technology, n.d.) Materials and Methods: Experiment one, 5g of MnCl2.4H20 1.3g of NaC2H3O2.3H2O NaC2H3O2.3H2O Dissolved in 200cm3 of distilled water. 21cm3 of 2HC5H7O2 slowly added 1g of KMnO4 Present of two-phase layer Solution A added in with stirring Dissolved in 50cm3 of distilled water. 13g of NaC2H3O2.3H2O Solution B added in Solution A Solution B Dissolved in 50cm3 of distilled water. Heated with 60oC for 30 minutes Complex washed with acetone Solid complex filtered by suction Resultant solution was cooled with ice-cold water Experiment 2 Experiment 3 5 cm3 distilled water 4 cm3 concentrated H2SO4 10 cm3 ethanol Were added in. Recrystallise Results : For experiment 1, from the equation below, I can get the theoretical mass of the Mn(acac)3 solid complex by : Mn(H2O)4] Cl + 2HC5H7O2 + NaC2H3O2 Mn(C5H7O2)2 + NaCl + HC2H2O2 4Mn(C5H7O2)2 + KMnO4 + 7HC5H7O2 + HC2H3O2 5Mn(C5H7O2)3 + KC2H3O2 + 4H2O From the equation, we know that 1 mol of Mn(H2O)4] Cl = 1 mol of Mn(C5H7O2)2. So, 5 g of Mn(H2O)4] Cl = 0.0308 mol is also = 0.0308 mol of Mn(C5H7O2)2. From the second equation, 4 mol of Mn(C5H7O2)2 = 5 mol of Mn(acac)3 0.0308 mol of Mn(C5H7O2)2 = 0.0385 mol. So, theoretical weight of Mn(acac)3 = 0.0385 mol X 252.938 g/mol theoretical weight of Mn(acac)3 = 9.7381 g The following shows the method to get our experimental weight: Weight of Sample tube 14. 8180 g Weight of Sample tube + solid complex , Mn(acac)3 18.7785 g So, the experimental weight of Mn(acac)3complexes were 3.9605 g Percentage yield of Mn(acac)3complexes we get was = 3.9605 g / 9.7381 g X 100 % = 40.67 % Next, Magnetic moment of Mn(acac)3complexes were calculated as follow : m = 0.9278g- 0.8193g = 0.1085g Ro= -33 L = 2.4cm R= 1165 (paramagnetic) CBal = 1 X(g) = [CBal X L X (R-Ro) ] / 109 X m X(g) of Mn(acac)3complexes = 2.65 X 10-5 So, Mn(acac)3complexes are paramagnetic Interpretation of IR spectrum for complexes will be written in discussion. For experiment 2, from the equation below, I can get the theoretical mass of the [Co(NH3)5Cl]Cl2 solid complex by : Co2+ + NH4+ + 1/2H202 → [Co(NH3)5H20]3+ [Co(NH3)5H20]3+ + 3Cl- → [Co(NH3)5Cl]Cl2 + H20 From the above equation, 1 mol of Co2+ = 1 mol of [Co(NH3)5H2O]3+ 12g of Co2+ = 0.0504 mol So 0.0504 mol of [Co(NH3)5H20]3+= 0.0504 mol of [Co(NH3)5Cl]Cl2 Theoretical weight of [Co(NH3)5Cl]Cl2 solid complexes = 0.0504 mol X 250.433 g/mol = 12.6218 g The following shows the method to get our experimental weight: Weight of Sample tube 14. 9285 g Weight of Sample tube + solid complex , Mn(acac)3 22.3723 g So, the experimental weight of [Co(NH3)5Cl]Cl2 solid complexes = 7.4438 g Percentage yield of [Co(NH3)5Cl]Cl2complexes = 7.4438 g / 12.6218 g X 100 % = 58.98 % Next, Magnetic moment of [Co(NH3)5Cl]Cl2complexes were calculated as follow : m = 0.9264g- 0.8207g = 0.1057g Ro= -36 L = 2.1cm R= -41 (dimagnetic) CBal = 1 X(g) = [CBal X L X (R-Ro) ] / 109 X m X(g) of [Co(NH3)5Cl]Cl2complexes = -9.9338 X 10-8 So, [Co(NH3)5Cl]Cl2complexes are dimagnetic For experiment 3, from the equation below, I can get the theoretical mass of the [Vo(acac)2(H2O)] solid complex by : V2O5 + 2H2SO4 + EtOH 2VOSO4 + 3H2O + CH3CHO VOSO4 + 2HC5H7O2 + Na2CO3 VO(C5H7O2)2 + Na2So4 + H2O + CO2 From the above equation, 1 mol of V2O5 = 2 mol of VOSO4 2g 0f V2O5 = 0.011 mol = 0.022 mol of VOSO4 2 mol of VOSO4 = 2 mol of VO(C5H7O2)2 Theoretical weight of VO(C5H7O2)2= 0.022 mol X 264.94 g/mol = 5.8287 g The following shows the method to get our experimental weight: Weight of Sample tube 14.8445 g Weight of Sample tube + solid complex , Mn(acac)3 18.5818 g So, the experimental weight of VO(C5H7O2)2= 3.7373 g Percentage yield of VO(C5H7O2)2= 3.7373 g / 5.8287 g X 100% = 64.12% Next, Magnetic moment of impure VO(C5H7O2)2 complexes were calculated as follow : m = 0.8880g 0.8244 g = 0.0636g Ro= -34 L = 2.5cm R= 72 (paramagnetic) CBal = 1 X(g) = [CBal X L X (R-Ro) ] / 109 X m X(g) of impure VO(C5H7O2)2complexes = 4.17 X 10-6 So, VO(C5H7O2)2complexes are paramagnetic Magnetic moment of pure VO(C5H7O2)2 complexes were calculated as follow : m = 0.8947g -0.8211 = 0.0736g Ro= -33 L = 2.3cm R= 144 (paramagnetic) CBal = 1 X(g) of pure VO(C5H7O2)2complexes = 5.53 X 10-6 Discussion : Interpretation of IR spectrum for tris(acetylacetonato)manganese(III): Wavenumber (cm-1) Description of bands 2921.1 2959.7 -relative intensity : weak CH stretching of CH3 1593.9 1508.0 -relative intensity : strong -(C=C) stretching -(C=CH) deformation 1387.2 -relative intensity : strong -(CH3)- symmetric C-H deformation 1253.5 -relative intensity : strong -(C=C) stretching -(C-CH3) stretching 1016.8 -relative intensity : strong -(CH3) out-of plane bending 923.2 -relative intensity : strong -(C-CH3) stretching 777.0 -relative intensity : strong -(C-H)deformation 678.1 -relative intensity : medium/ strong -(C-CH3)stretching,(O=C-CH3) deformation -(Mn-O) stretching indicates metal-ligand bond 460.1 relative intensity : weak (C=C) stretching,(C-CH3) stretching -(Mn-O) stretching that also indicates metal-ligand bond Interpretation of IR spectrum for chloropentaamminecobalt(III) chloride: Wavenumber (cm-1) Description of bands 3258.0 -relative intensity : strong NH3 stretch 1576.2 -relative intensity : medium -degenerate asymmetric NH3 stretching 1307.8 -relative intensity : strong -symmetric NH3 angle deformation 844.9 -relative intensity : strong -NH3 rocking 487.6 -(Co-Cl) stretching indicates metal-ligand bond Interpretation of IR spectrum for impure bis(acetylacetonato)oxovanadium(IV): Wavenumber (cm-1) Description of bands 1556.8 1521.0 -relative intensity : medium (C=O) stretching -( C=C),(C=CH) stretching 1418.7 -relative intensity : medium -(CH3) deformation 1374.0 1357.6 -relative intensity : strong -(C=O) stretching -(CH3) deformation mode 1286.6 -relative intensity : strong -(C=C=C) stretching 998.2 -relative intensity : strong and sharp -stretching of V=O bond -it also indicates the metal-ligand bond. 1018.6 -relative intensity : strong -(CH3) rocking 936.1 -relative intensity : strong -(C-CH3) stretching -(C=O) stretching 798.6 -relative intensity : medium -(C-H) out-of-plane bending 685.9 657.2 -relative intensity : medium/ weak -(ring) deformation out-of-plane bending for: 609.2 -(ring) deformation Interpretation of IR spectrum for pure bis(acetylacetonato)oxovanadium(IV): FTIR is known as Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy. This FTIR can be used to identify different types of chemical bond which is either organic compound or inorganic compound. So no two different compounds will have same spectrum. However, FTIR may cause destructive to our sample compare to magnetic susceptibility which is non-destructive. Besides that, magnetic susceptibility can be group by paramagnetic, diamagnetic and ferromagnetic. Paramagnetic substance is those attracted by strong magnetic field but those repelled by magnetic field are diamagnetic substances. Besides that, we can also confirm the shape by using magnetic susceptibility. The Cobalt ion to form Chloropentaamminecobalt(III) chloride has 6 electron in d orbital. Magnetic Susceptibility for chloropentaamminecobalt(III) chloride is -9.9338 X 10-8 and it is diamagnetic. Only the low-spin octahedral shape shows diamagnetic properties, so the shape of chloropentaamminecobalt(III) chloride is octahedral. Magnetic Susceptibility for tris(acetylacetonato)manganese(III) is 2.65 X 10-5 and it is paramagnetic. So the shape of tris(acetylacetonato)manganese(III) is octahedral. However we cannot determine whether is low-spin or high-spin in this situation because we are not calculating the pairing energy for the complex. In addition, there is only one electron in d orbital for vanadium ion of bis(acetylacetonato)oxovanadium(IV). Magnetic susceptibility for it is 4.17 X 10-6 and it is paramagnetic. Moreover, oxovanadium complexes act as insulin mimetics, nucleolytic and anticancer. To recognize insulin- mimetic complexes, a simple and fast in-vitro assay is developed. Besides that, an accurate assessment of the cells taken up of glucose, in-vitro assay with Ehrlich can be used. The oxovanadium complexes can cleave DNA without the present of hydrogen peroxide. Then, its nucleolytic efficiency is also greater but it is affected by the choice of buffer and pH. The oxovanadium complexes is also an anticancer agent against human ovarian cancer. Actually, I have acquired a lot of new knowledge among these three experiments. First, experiment one and two are easier to carry out compared to experiment three. This is because experiment one and two involved oxidation which Mn2+ was oxidized to Mn3+ ; Co2+ was oxidized to Co3+. Whereas experiment 3 involved reduction which reduced VO5+ to VO4+. At the beginning of each experiments, we heated up the sample in open air. It is easier to oxidize the compound than reduce the compound in the presence of oxygen. So, we need more time to heated the V2O5. During the first time of experiment three, I failed to get a blue color solid powder. This is because I heated the sample in the open air and I failed to control the heater. So, after the filtration process, I got a white solid powder. Therefore, I learnt from the mistake and during the second time I used reflux method. This time I can control the heating process well. The ethanol was not evaporated much. After filtration, I got quite a lot of blue solid powder. So, I knew that, for reduction process, we cannot heat the sample too quickly and heat too long. If we heated too long, most of the product will evaporate. Next, from the FTIR spectrum, I can observe that the spectrum from the first and third experiment are quite similar. This is because, the peak from the spectrum are mostly from the acetylacetonato (acac). However, spectrum from experiment two is quite different from other experiment because mostly the peaks come from Cl compared to other experiments. The percentage yield of the complexes from all the three experiment that I have calculate out was not so high. This is maybe due to the washing of the product with acetone, some of the product was dissolved and washed away. However, there are other factors which cause problem to our results. First, most of the heating plate we used cannot function well. I changed many heating plate during the experiment. Next, we have kept our half way done sample for more than 7 days. The results may not be so accurate anymore. Another factor maybe due to the volume and amount of the sample and other material we measure are not accurate. Our product may contain some impurities. However, some of the precaution was taken during the experiment. In these experiments, some of the chemical was corrosive and poisonous such as concentrated HCl and H2SO4. So, we poured the chemical carefully in the fume board. Next, before using any instrument, we read through the manual to understand the steps to function the magnetic susceptibility balance. We also taken down some important steps to function the FTIR spectrophotometer. I have asked some help from lab assistant on where to get the material for experiment. Conclusion The percentage yield for tris(acetylacetonato)manganese(III) is 40.67%, chloropentaamminecobalt(III) chloride is 58.98% and (acetylacetonato)oxovanadium(IV) is 64.12%. For tris(acetylacetonato)manganese(III), the peak for two Mn-O bond are at the region approximately 678.1 cm-1 and 458.3 cm-1. For chloropentaamminecobalt(III) chloride, the peak for Co-N bond is at 669.2 cm-1 while Co-Cl bond is at 486.2 cm-1. For bis(acetylacetonato)oxovanadium(IV), the peak for V=O bond is at 997.4 cm-1 region. Magnetic Susceptibility for tris(acetylacetonato)manganese(III) is 2.65 x 10-5 and it is paramagnetic. Besides, Magnetic Susceptibility for chloropentaamminecobalt(III) chloride is -9.93x 10-8 and is diamagnetic. For bis(acetylacetonato)oxovanadium(IV), magnetic susceptibility for impure complex and pure complex are 4.17X 10-6 and 5.53X 10-6 respectively. They are paramagnetic.

Flag Desecration is Freedom of Expression :: Argumentative Persuasive Argument Essays

Flag Desecration is Freedom of Expression Our nation’s flag is an everlasting symbol of freedom and hope that stands as a testament to our nation’s power. Most importantly our flag represents the freedom of the individual to express his ideals as they see fit. Therefore when the very essence of Americans freedom is challenged by the â€Å"flag amendment,† that would forbid the desecration of the American flag, a dilemma forms. While flag burning is highly offensive, it is none the less a means of expression and is protected by the constitution of America. Forbidding an individual from expressing themselves is the opposite of what our flag represents. Even though Flag burning is considered one of the highest displays of hatred toward a country, it is still protected by the first amendment. It is a means of expression. Despite the fact that this sounds a little farfetched, flag desecration is under the same category as art, or literature—expression. When an individual feels dissatisfaction towards his country, depending on the individual, they may write a political satire, draw a political cartoon, or burn the flag. It is all relevant to the level of dissatisfaction of the individual. Flag burning cannot be thought of outside of the spectrum of expression. In some cases flag burning is not even taken seriously by those involved in the act; most cases are considered â€Å"drunken pranks† or merely â€Å"teenage vandalism.† In the entire history of the United States there have been less than two hundred reported cases of flag desecration. In addition to the fact that there is a lack of flag burning in total, flag desecration is on the decline—In 1996 there were 31 reported cases, in 2002 11 cases, in 2003 six cases, and this year so far there has been only one case. The U.S. Supreme Court, the highest court in the judicial system, ruled that â€Å"the government may not prohibit the expression of an idea simply because society finds the idea offensive†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Supporting this amendment debases the ideals of our founding fathers.

Class scheduling system Essay

A.INTRODUCTION Through the past year, most of the people are not comfortable working with a computer, and perform better with the paper and pencil system. The manual system works, even if electricity is off, unlike most computer setups, and there is no data corruption or duplication, as sometimes happens with accounting software. One of the disadvantages of manual accounting system is the amount of time most put into it. Because you don’t have a computer categories and totaling figures, you must do this yourself. It takes a lot of time to do manual accounting that it does computerized accounting system. In this generation, computer is being used by industry, companies, school, and specially business establishment. They used computer in making their task easier with less times, from manual to a computerized one. The emerge of computer gives a big contribution to business and education. Ever since, computer development of technology become a great advantage on the business replaced the work intended for human primarily to lessen manpower. By using computer reduce the time consumed in recording data, computing transaction and processing information. A computerized system is designed to perform one or more dedicated functions is often times with real-time computing constraints. It is also designed to do some specific task, rather than be general-purposed computer for multiple tasks. In this regard, the researchers proposed computerized accounting system of C/A+CT college to lessen the works of the accountant. This study will develop researchers our skills and ability especially in planning, analyzing and designing a system. History: In 1997, the Cordillera A+ Computer Technology (C/+ACT), pronounced see-act, took a bow as it opened its doors to 17 wide-eyed and eager high school graduates. They were as excited as the first three (3) teachers: Mrs.Gladys Mae O.Garcia, Mrs.Nerisa L. Orodio and Ms Donagil Alipio. Two Technical 2-year courses were offered: Computer Secretarial and Computer Technician both supervised by the Technical Education and skill Development Authority (TESDA). On its second year, C/A+CT expanded its offering through two new 2-year courses Computer Programming and Associate in Computer Science. The school population grew steadily and on its First Commencement Program in  March 1999, C/A+CT AND 5 Computer Technician graduates. In June 2000, the Commission on Higher Education (CHED) favorably approved the appli9cation of C/A+CT College paving the way for the associate in Computer Science to be ladderized towards Bachelor of Science in Computer Science. Geared in the direction as a center for Science and Technology, other course offerings are under study-courses that shall address the manpower requirement of the Cordillera Region as well as the bigger market and even the international markets are being designed and applied for. As a fresh among the Higher Education Institutions [HEIs], the Cordillera A+ Computer Technology College looks into the future with confidence that it will make a difference to the people of kalinga as an alternative learning center for Science and technology-a school close to home and family, an alternative to the expensive prospect of studying in the prime centers of education such as Metro Manila, Baguio City or even Tuguegarao City. MISSION: C/A+CT College is committed to the proposition that cordilleras especially the provinces of kalinga and Apayao be sufficiently provided empowerment for its human resources to break free from the insulting and degrading stamp of and backwardness. VISION: C/A+CT College is envisioned as a leading educational institution in the kalinga province committed to developing the total person into responsible citizens vital to regional and national development. B. Scope and Delimitation of the study The scope of the study focuses on the accounting system of Cordillera A+ Computer Technology college. It only covers the monitoring of accounts. It benefits personnel particularly the Cashier and the Administrator. C. Significance of the study The accounting system has a great impact in the school. It has a great help in terms of time management. The significance of the study is to design and to improve the accounting system of C/A+CT College by implementing a computerized accounting system. Through this system, the C/A+CT college will not be hard- up in implementing the accounting procedures because they will  spend minimal time and effort in working with it. The result of the study will benefit the school. It well lessen all manual recordings done by the Administrator and help them produce reliable and accurate report needed by the C/A+CT. The study also benefit the accounting In-charge in order to process the Accounting System of C/A+CT in more accurate. D. Objectives of the study General objectives: The main objective of the study is to develop and assign a more modernized system regarding the account of C/A+CT. By this study all reports regarding the accounting of C/A+CT will be done in a reliable and accurate format. Specific: 1.To identify the actual book keeping and accounting practices of C/A+CT. 2.To determine the types of accounting system by C/A+CT. 3.To identify the problems faced by C/A+CT as a result of maintaining improper associated accounting system. 4.To identify the factors responsible for these problems of maintaining adequate records of accounting system by C/A+CT. 5.To develop and analyze a system that is more accurate and efficient in recording and computing the accounts of C/A+CT. 6.To make and produce a well designed system that is capable of computing all accounts. 7. To design a system that makes work easier and lessened manual computation and recording. E. Data Gathering Procedures INTERVIEW The researchers interviewed the Administrator. Researchers used this method in order to gather some information that are related to the study. RESEARCH The researchers were able to understand the existing of accounting system through this method. They designed proposed system immediately also read other books and sample thesis related to the researchers system. OBSERVATION The researchers used this method in order to understand the existing  accounting system. LIBRARY The researchers used this method to gather additional information about the proposed system. They used books at the library as their basis and source of data. Statement of the Problem Based on the observation of the researchers on the existing accounting system of C/A+CT college, they encountered the fallowing problems: 1. What is the current status of the system? 2. Will a computerized accounting system helps the accountant or cashier to make an easy, faster, and efficient way of computations? 3. How was the proposed system developed? 4. Will a computerized accounting system serves as a user friendly system? Review of related literature According to Baysa and Lupisan (2011) defined accounting as a service activity. They said that the main function of accounting practices is to provide quantitative information, primarily financial in nature, about economic entities that is intended to be useful in making economic decisions. They stated that the primary duty of accountants is to render services by providing information about economic entities that is measure in terms of money. Accounting is undeniably essential to most individuals. It serves a variety range of place in our society. Many researchers and writers have defined the role of accounting in the daily lives of people in the society. The primary purpose of accounting is simply to help people make decisions throughout their everyday lives. It provides service to different organizational bodies from a small time business to a multinational company. In another accounting book, Manuel (2011) gave the definition of accounting as a language that communicates essential information for decision making .The author also noted that all businesses have one common factor: they all need vital information before making critical decisions. This is where accounting comes in as it plays a vital role in tracking down the activities and resources of a business and reporting back these activities in the form of relevant information. In another literary work, Abelada (2010) stated in one of his books that accounting is introduced primarily for a business enterprise. He specified that the practice of accounting has evolved in response to the need of business managers for relevant financial information  necessary to run a business effectively and to guide them in making short and long term plans or making decisions. F. Methodology of the study For the researchers to cope up with a system to be developed, they present an approval letter to the Accounting personnel, Mr. Christopher Libunao by asking permission to conduct the study. Through Mr. Christopher Libunao’s approval, the researchers were able to gather the necessary data for the completion of the study. Definition of Terms Accounts – means by which a user can access a computer system Accounting – is the production of financial records about an organization. Accounting System – is an application software that records & processes accounting transactions within functional modules such as accounts payable, accounts receivable, payroll, and trial balance Analysis – is the process of breaking a complex topic or substance into smaller parts to gain a better understanding of it. Computerized Accounting System – a software run on computer equipment to record, store and analyze information on financial transactions from internal and external operations of both small and large businesses. Data- are values of qualitative or quantitative variables, belonging to a set of items. Library – is an organized collection of information resources made accessible to a defined community for reference or borrowing. Registrar – is an official keeper of records made in a register. System – is a set of interacting or interdependent components forming an integrated whole or a set of elements and relationships which are different from relationships of the set or its elements to other elements or sets.

Manuela Almeida

The teenage years are for some the most traumatic or wonderful years they will ever experience.   Many experiences through these years decide how individuals will act as adults, the paths they will take in life, the careers they will choose, and if and how they raise their families.   I remember a choice that I made as a teenager that would forever change my life.   To this day, that choice still affects me. Choosing not to go to a party with my friends saved my life.   My friends were in a terrible car accident leaving the party, and one of them did not survive.   This experience has affected the choices I make today.   Because of the loss of my friend, I do not take unnecessary risks, I monitor my behavior in social situations, and I have a greater respect for life. Losing my friend when I was a teenager has made me very cautious about getting into potentially dangerous situations.   Just as the night I chose not to go to the party, I often opt out of celebrations that involve alcohol or have the potential to offer drugs.   I usually will go to the coffee shop or to dinner with a friend or family member instead.   Potentially dangerous or volatile friends scare me as well.   I don’t get close to risk takers for the fear of losing them. My group of friends in high school was a little bit wild, and since the night of the party that took my friend’s life, I have changed my circle of friends.   I don’t go to the clubs to drink, but will go to dance every now and again if I am going with another friend who is also planning on staying sober.   Even when I stay in, I do not partake in risky behaviors.   I do not drink alcohol or take drugs.   Unnecessary risks are just that; unnecessary. â€Å"Going out† doesn’t mean the same thing to me now as it did to me in high school.   Then, it was all about finding a place to party, listening to music, drinking alcohol illegally, and â€Å"hooking† up with people.   Since that fateful night years ago, I monitor my behavior in social situations very carefully.   Before even going out, I make sure that I have a safe friend to accompany me. I make sure that I am always prepared with a cell phone and extra money in case something happens and that someone in my family knows where I am at all times.   When I do go to a club to do some dancing, I don’t drink, and I leave well before 1 a.m., which is when people seem to be getting the most drunk and impaired.   Again, I try not to attract any risky people by portraying myself as wild.   I keep a careful eye on what is going on around me at all times.   I can still have fun, don’t get me wrong, but my friend’s death is never far from my memory when I am around alcohol. Since the loss of my friend, I value life much more.   As a teen, I thought I was invincible and that I knew it all, as most teens do.   I snuck around behind my parent’s backs without permission to do the things I wanted to do.   I knew it was wrong, but I didn’t care.   I did not see the value in my young life and the potential that I had for my future.   I did not care about my parents or family members’ feelings; I was very self-centered.   I just wanted to have fun and â€Å"live my life†. The moment I lost my friend, I realized that the only people who were guaranteed to be there for me through my life were my parents and my family.   I turned to them for support and guidance through the ordeal.   They became more special to me than they had been in a long time, and I valued them.   I also valued myself more since I saw how important I was to them.   I witnessed the grief of my friend’s family members and could not imagine my family having to face the same fate unnecessarily.   If I could prevent something terrible from happening to me, I would do that not only for myself, but for them as well. Teenagers think they are invincible.   They take risks.   Part of this is just growing up.   I took some risks that could have ended my life, and so did my friends.   Fortunately, I skipped out on that night and made a better choice.   Since that night I have also made better choices and it has improved my life tremendously.   I watch what I do and where I do it.   I am aware of my surroundings at all times.   I reach out to my family and keep in touch with them and let them know that I am OK.   I value my family and their support and love and realize what a special person I am in this world to them.   Because of tragedy, I have become a better person.   My friend’s death still haunts me, but it also keeps me sober and aware of my own precious life.

SAT Trigonometry SOHCAHTOA and Radians

SAT Trigonometry SOHCAHTOA and Radians SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Trigonometry and radians are new additions to the SAT Math section! Do you love SOHCAHTOA and ${Ï€}$ angle measurements? Do you hate trigonometry and radians and don’t know what SOHCAHTOA or ${Ï€}/{2}$ means? No matter how you feel about SAT trigonometry, there is no need to stress. In this guide, I’ll let you know everything you need to know about trigonometry and radians for the SAT Math test and guide you through some practice problems. Trigonometric Formulas: Sine, Cosine, Tangent Although trigonometry makes up less than 5% of all math questions, you still want to get those questions right, and you won't be able to answer any trigonometry questions correctly without knowing the following formulas: Find the sine of an angle given the measures of the sides of the triangle. $$\sin(x)={\(Measure\: of\: the\: opposite\: side\: to\: the\: angle)}/{\(Measure\: of\: the\: hypotenuse)}$$ In the figure above, the sine of the labeled angle would be ${a}/{h}$. Find the cosine of an angle given the measures of the sides of the triangle. $$\cos(x)={\(Measure\: of\: the\: adjacent\: side\: to\: the\: angle)}/{\(Measure\: of\: the\: hypotenuse)}$$ In the figure above, the cosine of the labeled angle would be ${b}/{h}$. Find the tangent of an angle given the measures of the sides of the triangle. $$\tan(x)={\(Measure\: of\: the\: opposite\: side\: to\: the\: angle)}/{\(Measure\: of\: the\: adjacent\: side\: to\: the\: angle)}$$ In the figure above, the tangent of the labeled angle would be ${a}/{b}$. A helpful memory trick is an acronym: SOHCAHTOA. Sine equals Opposite over Hypotenuse Cosine equals Adjacent over Hypotenuse Tangent equals Opposite over Adjacent You should also know the complementary angle relationship for sine and cosine, which is $\sin(x °)=\cos(90 °Ã¢Ë†â€™x °)$. How to Apply Trigonometry Skills on SAT Math There are two main trigonometry questions types you'll see on the test. I'll teach you how to address each. Question type 1 will ask you to find the sine, cosine, or tangent and using the measures of the sides of the triangle. In order to answer these questions, you will need to use a diagram (that means drawing one if it's not given to you).Let's walk through this example: Triangle ABC is a right triangle where angle B measures 90 °; the hypotenuse is 5 and side AB is 4. What is cosine A? First, set up this triangle using the given information: Then, identify the information you need. In this case, the question asked for the cosine A. We know, based on the previous formulas that $\cos(A)={\(Measure\: of\: the\: adjacent\: side\: to\: the\: angle)}/{\(Measure\: of\: the\: hypotenuse)}$. Identify the pieces you need: the angle, the adjacent side to the angle, and the hypotenuse: We have all the information we need, so we just need to put it into the formula: $\cos(A)={\(Measure\: of\: the\: adjacent\: side\: to\: the\: angle)}/{\(Measure\: of\: the\: hypotenuse)}={4}/{5}$. ${4}/{5}$ is the answer. A slightly harder version of this question might ask you for sine A instead of cosine A. If you look back at the diagram, you'll notice we don't know what the measure of the opposite side to angle A is (which is what we need to find sine A). In that case, we need to use the Pythagorean theorem (or our knowledge of 3-4-5 right triangles) to find the measure of the opposite side to angle A (BC). $$BC=√{(5^2)-(4^2)}=√{(25)-(16)}=√{9}=3$$ Know that we know that side BC is 3,we just need to put it into the formula: $$\sin(A)={\(Measure\: of\: the\: opposite\: side\: to\: the\: angle)}/{\(Measure\: of\: the\: hypotenuse)}={3}/{5}$$ Question type 2will ask you to find the sine, cosine, or tangent of an angle using a different given sine, cosine, or tangent of an angle. Similarly to question type one,to answer these questions, you'll need to use a diagram (that means drawing one if it's not given to you). Check outthis example: In a right ABC triangle, where B is the right angle, $\cos(A)={4}/{5}$. What is the sin(C)? You want to attack these problems by drawing a diagram, but first you need to figure out what should go where. Use the cosine formula to figure out how to draw the diagram. $$\cos(A)={\(Measure\: of\: the\: adjacent\: side\: to\: the\: angle)}/{\(Measure\: of\: the\: hypotenuse)}={4}/{5}$$ Meaure of adjacent side (AB) = 4 Measure of the hypotenuse (AC) = 5 You may notice it's the same triangle from the previous example. In this case, we want to find cosine C. We know, based on the previous formulas that $\sin(C)={Measure\: of\: the\: opposite\: side\: to\: the\: angle}/{Measure\: of\: the\: hypotenuse}$. Identify the pieces you need: the angle, the adjacent side to the angle, and the hypotenuse. $$\sin(C)={\(Measure\: of\: the\: opposite\: side\: to\: the\: angle)}/{\(Measure\: of\: the\: hypotenuse)}={4}/{5}$$ ${4}/{5}$ is the answer. A slightly harder version of this question might ask you for tangent C instead of sine C. If you look back at the diagram, you'll notice we don't know what the measure of the adjacent side to angle C is (which is what we need to find tan A). In that case, we need to use the Pythagorean theorem (or our knowledge of 3-4-5 right triangles) to find the measure of the adjacentside to angle C (BC). $$BC=√{(5^2)-(4^2)}=√{(25)-(16)}=√{9}=3$$ Know that we know that side BC is 3,we just need to put it into the formula: $$\tan(C)={\(Measure\: of\: the\: opposite\: side\: to\: the\: angle)}/{\(Measure\: of\: the\: adjacent\: side\: to\: the\: angle)}={4}/{3}$$ Now that we know how to apply the necessary formulas to tackle trig questions, let’s try to apply them to some real SAT practice problems. SAT Trigonometry Practice Problems Example #1 Answer Explanation: Triangle ABC is a right triangle with its right angle at B. Therefore,AC is the hypotenuse of right triangle ABC, and AB andBC are the legs of right triangle ABC. According to the Pythagorean theorem, $$AB=√(202)−(162)=√(400)−(256)=√144=12$$ Since triangle DEF is similar to triangle ABC, with vertex F corresponding to vertex C, the measure of angle F equals the measure of angle C. Therefore, $\sinâ€Å'F=\sinâ€Å'C$. From the side lengths of triangle ABC, $\sin C={\(Measure\: of\: the\: opposite\: side\: to\: the\: angle)}/{\(Measure\: of\: the\: hypotenuse)}={\AB}/{\AC}={12}/{20}={3}/{5}$. Therefore, $\sinâ€Å'F={3}/{5}$. The final answer is ${3}/{5}$ or .6. Example #2 Answer Explanation: There are two ways to solve this. The quicker way is if you know the complementary angle relationship for sine and cosine, which is $\sin(x °)=\cos(90 °Ã¢Ë†â€™x °)$. Therefore, $\cos(90 °Ã¢Ë†â€™x °)={4}/{5}$ or 0.8. However, you can also solve this problem by constructing a diagram using the given information.It’s a right triangle (which it has to be to use sine/cosine), and the sine of angle x is ${4}/{5}$ if $\sine={\(opposite\: side)}/{\hypotenuse}$ then the opposite side is 4 long, and the hypotenuse is 5 long: Since two of the angles of the triangle are of measure x ° and 90 °, the third angle must have the measure $180 °Ã¢Ë†â€™90 °Ã¢Ë†â€™x °=90 °Ã¢Ë†â€™x °$. From the figure, $\cos(90 °Ã¢Ë†â€™x °)$, which is equal the ${adjacent\: side}/{the\: hypotenuse}$, is also ${4}/{5}$ or 0.8. Example #3 Answer Explanation: Similarly to the other trigonometry problem, there are two ways to solve this problem. The quicker way is to realize that x and y are complementary angles (add up to 90 °). Then, using the complementary angle relationship for sine and cosine, which is $\sin(x °)=\cos(90 °Ã¢Ë†â€™x °)$, you realize that $\cos(y °)=0.6$. However, you can also solve this problem by constructing a diagram using the given information. It’s a right triangle (which it has to be to use sine/cosine), and the sine of angle x is 0.6. Therefore, the ratio of the side opposite the x ° angle to the hypotenuse is .6. The side opposite the x ° angle is the side adjacent to the y ° angle. $\cos(y °)={\(the\: side\: adjacent\: to\: the\: y °\: angle)}/{\(the\: hypotenuse)}={6}/{10}$, is equal to .6. The answer is 0.6. Radians Radians will only account for a small portion (around 5%) of SAT math questions, but you still want to get those questions right! Radians are one of the trickier concepts. What do you need to know about radian measure? Definition of Radian Measure The bare bones definition: Radian is a measure of an angle (just as degree is a measure of angle). The in-depth/conceptual version: Radian is a measure of an angle that is based on the length of the arc that the angle intercepts on the unit circle. That sounds like gibberish I know. Let me break it down. A unit circle is a circle with a radius of 1 unit. See picture: Gustavb/Wikimedia The circumference (or length around) this unit circle is ${2Ï€}$, since ${C=2Ï€r}$, and r=1. If the measure of an angle were 360 °, the radian measure would be ${2Ï€}$ since the length of the arc that the 360 ° angle intercepts on the unit circle would be the whole circumference of the circle (which we already established was ${2Ï€}$).Here are some good basic radian measures to have memorized: Degrees Radians (exact) 30 ° ${Ï€}/{6}$ 45 ° ${Ï€}/{4}$ 60 ° ${Ï€}/{3}$ 90 ° ${Ï€}/{2}$ How to Convert Between Angle Measure in Degrees and Radians To go from degrees to radians, you need to multiply by ${Ï€}$, divide by 180 °.Here is how to convert 90 ° to radians: $${90 °Ãâ‚¬}/{180 °}$$ $$={Ï€}/{2}$$ To go from radians to degrees, you need to multiply by 180 °, divide by ${Ï€}$.Here is how to convert ${Ï€}/{4}$ to degrees: $${({Ï€}/{4})(180 °)}/{Ï€}$$ $$={({180 °Ãâ‚¬}/{4})/{Ï€}$$ $$=45 °$$ How to Evaluate Trigonometric Functions at Benchmark Angle Measures The benchmark angle measures (as defined by the College Board) are 0, ${Ï€}/{6}$, ${Ï€}/{4}$, ${Ï€}/{3}$, ${Ï€}/{2}$ radians which are equal to the angle measures 0 °, 30 °, 45 °, 60 °, and 90 °, respectively. You need to be able to use these with the trigonometric functions described in the above trigonometry section (sine, cosine, and tangent).You will not be asked for values of trigonometric functions that require a calculator. Remember, the complementary angle relationship for sine and cosine, which is $\sin(x °)=\cos(90 °Ã¢Ë†â€™x °)$ will be $\sin(x)=\cos({Ï€}/{2}−x)$ when converted into radians. SAT Radians Practice Problems Example #1 Answer Explanation: The correct answer is 6. By the distance formula, the length of radius OA is $√{((√3)^2)+(1^2)}=√{3+1}=√{4}=2$. Thus, $\sin(∠ AOB)={1}/{2}$. Therefore ∠ AOB is 30 °, which is equal to $30({Ï€}/{180})={Ï€}/{6}$ radians. Hence, the value of a is 6. Example #2 Answer Explanation: A complete rotation around a point is 360 ° or ${2Ï€}$ radians. Since the central angle AOB has measure ${5Ï€}/{4}$radians, it represents$/{2Ï€}={5}/{8}$of a complete rotation around point O. Therefore, the sector formed by central angle AOB has area equal to ${5}/{8}$the area of the entire circle. The answer is ${5}/{8}$ or in decimal form .625. Example #3 Which of the following is equivalent to $\cos({3Ï€}/{10})$? A) $\-cos ({Ï€}/{5})$B) $\sin ({7Ï€}/{10})$C)$\-sin ({Ï€}/{5})$D)$\sin ({Ï€}/{5})$ Answer Explanation: To answer this question correctly, you need to both understand trigonometry and radians. Sine and cosine are related by the equation $\sin(x)=\cos({Ï€}/{2}-x)$. In order to find out what the equivalent to $\cos({3Ï€}/{10})$is, you need to change ${3Ï€}/{10}$ into the form ${Ï€}/{2}-x$. To do that, you need to set up an equation: $${3Ï€}/{10}= {Ï€}/{2}-x$$ Then, solve for x. $${3Ï€}/{10}-{Ï€}/{2}=-x$$ $${3Ï€}/{10}-{5Ï€}/{10}=-x$$ $$-{2Ï€}/{10}=-x$$ $${2Ï€}/{10}=x$$ $${Ï€}/{5}=x$$ Therefore, $\cos({3Ï€}/{10})=\cos({Ï€}/{2}-{Ï€}/{5})=\sin({Ï€}/{5})$. D is the correct answer. Test Yourself on SAT Trigonometry Questions! Practice #1 In triangle DCE, the measure of angle C is90 °, $\DC=5$ and $\CE=12$. What is the value of $\sin(D)$? Practice #2 In a right triangle, $\cos({Ï€}/{2}-x)={6}/{8}$. What is $\sin(x)$? Practice #3 In circle O, central angle AOB has a measure of ${3Ï€}/{4}$ radians. The area of the sector formed by central angle AOB is what fraction of the area of the circle? Answers: #1: ${12}/{13}$, #2: ${6}/{8}$, 3) ${3}/{8}$ What’s Next? Now that you know how to handle trigonometry and radians, make sure you’re prepared for all of the other math topics you'll see on the SAT. All of our math guides will take you through strategies and practice problems for all the topics covered on the math section, from integersto ratios, circles to polygons (and more!). Feeling anxious about test day? Make sure you know exactly what to do and bring to ease your mind and settle your nerves before it's time to take your SAT. Running out of time on the SAT math section? Look no further than our guide to help you beat the clock and maximize your SAT math score. Angling to get a perfect score? Check out our guide to getting a perfect 800, written by a perfect-scorer. Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points? Check out our best-in-class online SAT prep program. We guarantee your money back if you don't improve your SAT score by 160 points or more. Our program is entirely online, and it customizes what you study to your strengths and weaknesses. If you liked this Math strategy guide, you'll love our program.Along with more detailed lessons, you'll get thousands ofpractice problems organized by individual skills so you learn most effectively. We'll also give you a step-by-step program to follow so you'll never be confused about what to study next. Check out our 5-day free trial:

The Protective Effect of Linseed Oil Against Carbendazim Induced Testicular Toxicity in Rats

The Protective Effect of Linseed Oil Against Carbendazim Induced Testicular Toxicity in Rats Free Online Research Papers Absract Carbendazim (methyl-2-benzimidazole carbamate), a metabolite of benomyl, is one of the most widespread environmental contaminants of major concern to human and animal reproductive health. The present investigation was undertaken to study the possible protective effect of linseed oil on carbendazim induced testicular toxicity. Adult albino male rats of the Sprague Dawley strain were administered with carbendazim (100 mg/(kg /day orally) . The control animals received vehicle (corn oil) alone. Also, four other groups of rats were treated by vitamin E (Vit E) (200mg/kg /day orally), carbendazim + Vit E, linseed oil (1.5 g/kg/day, orally), or carbendazim + linseed oil. All the treatments were continued for 48 days. After the treatment period, animals were euthanized, blood samples were taken, prostate and seminal vesicles were removed and weighed. Testes were also quickly removed, encapsulated and utilized for the estimation of the following parameters: sperm count, motility, viability, and abnormalities. Malondialdehyde and reduced glutathione, superoxide dismutase, and glutathione peroxidase anti oxidant biomarkers activities were estimated in the testes homogenate. Activities of testicular acetylcholine esterase and lactate dehydrogenase enzymes as well as serum testosterone levels were also determined. The obtained results explored that linseed oil possesses significant protective potential against carbendazim testicular toxic effects. It normalized the weight reductions induced in prostate, seminal vesicles and testes, and protected against the decrease in sperm count, motility and viability as well as, the increase in sperm abnormalities. In addition linseed oil restored the antioxidant activities (reduced the malondialdehyde level, increased the reduced glutathione, superoxid dismutase and glutathione peroxidase levels) that were harmfully affected by carbendazim. Moreover, linseed oil daily oral feeding antagonized the produced significant changes in acetylcholine esterase and lactate dehydrogenase enzymes, and restored the serum level of testosterone. The linseed oil proposed protective effect(s) as illustrated in the present work, may be due to its antioxidant and/or anti-inflammatory potentials. Keywords: carbendazim, testicular dysfunction, inflammation, oxidative stress, Vit. E, linseed oil. Research Papers on The Protective Effect of Linseed Oil Against Carbendazim Induced Testicular Toxicity in RatsGenetic EngineeringInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married MalesResearch Process Part OneRelationship between Media Coverage and Social andRiordan Manufacturing Production PlanEffects of Television Violence on ChildrenThe Relationship Between Delinquency and Drug UseMarketing of Lifeboy Soap A Unilever ProductTwilight of the UAWIncorporating Risk and Uncertainty Factor in Capital

Sneaking up on Snuck

Sneaking up on Snuck Sneaking up on Snuck Sneaking up on Snuck By Maeve Maddox A reader asks: Could you tell me which is more appropriate or how it is used: snuck vs sneeked   He snuck across the border. The word snuck as the simple past of sneak is regarded with disdain by many speakers and writers. The correct principal parts, they will argue, are: sneak/sneaked/(have) sneaked: Lets watch him sneak out of the dorm. He sneaked out last night as well. He has sneaked out every night this week. In other English-speaking parts of the world, the past form snuck, if acknowledged at all, is usually labeled jocular. Personally, I like snuck. To my ear sneaked does not sound right. Somehow snuck seems sneakier than sneaked. For me the principal parts are sneak/snuck/(have) snuck. Admittedly snuck is not a word for formal writing. If I were reaching for the same sense in a context that did not permit of sneak/snuck, Id resort to creep/crept. (No, not creep/creeped. ) To get an idea of just how acceptable snuck is in American usage, I went to two newspapers I admire: the New York Times and the Chicago Tribune. New York Times it’s not going to work. The financial industry is not going to get away with a covert bailout, snuck past voters with obscure wording. Paul Krugman, March 17, 2008 The Rangers nearly snuck out of here with a victory, but Bure again knotted things up Jason Diamos, December 10, 1995 Mr. Wilkins, in a plaid shirt and handcuffs, snuck occasional looks at the photographs before him. Joe Sexton, February 9, 1995 Chicago Tribune Christine Rokita, a parishioner at Brandts church, couldnt agree more. Her son Matthew, 17, a junior at St. Rita Catholic High School, snuck out to the parade this year against his mothers wishes. Stacy St. Clair and Andrew L. Wang, March 26, 2009 Wade then somehow snuck free for that reverse layupand also somehow missed it. K.C. Johnson, March 10, 2009 We sneaked Demasi out the back door. John Kass, February 28, 2009 In this unscientific sampling of American journalists, the snucks clearly have it! How Shrunk Snuck In Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Grammar category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:7 Types of Narrative Conflict50 Latin Phrases You Should Know12 Misunderstood and Misquoted Shakespearean Expressions

History of Christian Thought Review Questions Coursework

History of Christian Thought Review Questions - Coursework Example ht the Alamanni (Germanic tribes) off guard and decimated their army of 30,000 capturing their king Chnodomar and killing 6,000 of his troops; 2) was proclaimed Augustus after being hoisted, Germanic fashion on a shield; 4) was designated as the new emperor by Constantius, who struck down, probably with malaria, died at the age of 44 in Cilicia. 14. Julian 2) that all tax collectors be reminded that after five years’ work they could be challenged to answer complaints of fraud; 4) hoped to establish a pagan priesthood of high moral integrity and exemplary standing. 16. Julian made a concerted effort 2) to leave Christians alone but to prefer pagans for official appointments; 3) to show how social neglect had aided the Christian triumph; 6) to restore the temple in Jerusalem 24. Ambrose of Milan 1) was consecrated as Bishop after he had been baptized and rushed through various ecclesiastical grades in 8 days; 4) molded Western Christian liturgy and hymnody in the direction of congregational life; 5) aimed at bringing prominent Illyrian bishops to trial for heresy before their fellow bishops and thus strike a decisive blow at Arian Christianity in the West. 3.Theodosuis: Since in the summer of 390, the inhabitants of Thessalonica rioted and killed one of his officers, he had the citizens invited to the amphitheater ostensibly for a special show, but then had them all massacred. 1.Ambrose: As the most influential cleric in the West in his time, he and not the Pope did more for the overthrow of Afrianism and paganism and for establishing the superiority of the Church over the State than anyone else. 28. Basil, the Great 1) was one of the venerable exemplars of orthodox doctrine and the ascetic way of life; 3) was strongly anti-subordinationist and remained an opponent of Sabellianism; 4) regarded the Pope as â€Å"stuck-up and haughty, seated somewhere up above and on that account unable to hear those on the ground, who were telling the truth.† 5. Augustine 3)

What is the Ecstatic Truth Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

What is the Ecstatic Truth - Assignment Example Ecstatic truth is giving the viewer a high expectation of the central character reaching his highest goal. There is an element of existentialism as we become part of the central character as we become so involved with the film. Ecstatic truth is beyond the apparent fact. It transcends reality and is a manifestation of what goes on within the person. Werner Herzog finds this truth in two points in the set of videos. He shows the museum curator explaining that Treadwell did something the Indians hadn't done in 7000 years. Tim was a man overly obsessed with nature and crossed the territory bounds that were never meant to be crossed. Men were not made to associate with bears. When the father killed the cub so the mother would stop lactating, Tim never acknowledge that the bears were carnivores. He was sad and cried. Herzog showed that this obsession lead to his demise. The film started on the positive point that death is without fear. Treadwell talks about death, perseverance, and being a samurai. A fearless death is where you survive. He shows an unreality in wanting to become a bear or fight like a bear. In the thirteen years he was going to Alaska, he learned their behaviors. He cried when they suffered; he cried when they ate each other. His thought his friendship with them was real. Herzog's changes the truth of Treadwell's insight into nature as becoming the insight into our inner beings. His insight into nature also becomes the viewers insight into Ted's inner character.  

Quasi Zenith and Beidou2 Satellite systems Essay

Quasi Zenith and Beidou2 Satellite systems - Essay Example The GPS or Global Positioning System, which first became popular as a means of car navigation have become widespread with their integration in mobile phones. A navigation signal can point to an exact location with the help of at least four satellites but in areas whose geographical terrains are populated with mountains, the satellites signals can be hampered by their presence and the same is true in urban areas where skyscrapers abound. Mountains, skyscrapers and other tall structures, manmade or otherwise, can cause signal errors. The QZSS and the BeiDou-2 Satellite Systems were launched to remedy such situations. In 2003, Japan launched the Quasi-Zenith Satellite System that will provide a regional satellite positioning service in addition to communication and broadcasting services. This is the first satellite positioning of Japan and it is a joint effort of government and private sectors. The Advanced Satellite Business Corporation or ASBC is a private company that is tasked with the development and operation of the communications and broadcasting functions of the satellite system. Four ministries of the Government, on the other hand, are tasked with the development of the satellite positioning system.

Brooklyn Bridge, Joseph Stella, 1920 Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Brooklyn Bridge, Joseph Stella, 1920 - Coursework Example Marin is famous for painting landscapes scenes in New England. In this particular painting, Marin was inspired by the Woolworth building and decided to paint it using water color and charcoal to preserve the materials that were used to paint then. Marin made even the most familiar views of the abstract during his time. In his painting, even the city is made abstract. He dangerously depicts Woolworth building veering toward abstraction in his painting. The building is painted to stagger ominously over the viewer of the work. In the painting, Marin has handled the surface roughly in his painting to demonstrate that watercolors can be classified as a modernist medium. Wood was inspired by the American Gothic House in which colonialists lived. He decided to paint the house and the people living in it. The paint portrays a farmer standing beside his spinster daughter. The woman in the paint is dressed in a colonial print apron, which evokes the Americana of the 19th century and the couple is a traditional festival involving couples. 2. The painting by Grant Wood is organized rigorously. The man in the paint is holding a pitchfork and he is mirrored by a similar pattern in his overall stitching. The man’s shirt stripes have been echoed in the boards of the house and a barn behind him. The woman, on the other hand, is tied into a composition to form a pattern of circles on her shirt that rhyme with the man’s spectacles. In the last rhyming pattern, the pair has been rendered in a stiff manner to resound.

Effective and non-effective medications used to treat OxyContin Research Paper

Effective and non-effective medications used to treat OxyContin addiction - Research Paper Example Effective and Non-effective Medications Used to Treat OxyContin and Opioid Addiction OxyContin is an extended release form of oxycodone, which was approved by the Food and Drug Administration in 1995 for the treatment of chronic pain. The FDA approval of this drug has played a role in overdose and death, as well as addiction, in the recent past (Okie, 2010). The molecular structure of OxyContin is similar to that of morphine, and is a member of the Phenanthrene family of compounds. OxyContin, or oxycodone, is a schedule II drug according to the Drug Enforcement Agency, and is used to treat moderate to severe pain and is DEA listed as a highly addictive medication. The drug itself, and not the metabolites, is the main cause of analgesia (Trescot et Al., 2008). Oxycodone and morphine were compared for similar psychotropic effects and dosage in healthy humans. It was found that the dosage ratio of oxycodone and morphine was approximately 3:1, as had been established in previous studies, but that the subjects experienced more pronounced psychotropic effects with oxycodone. The relief of pain, however, was similar with both drugs. Psychomotor impairment was similar with both drugs as well (Zacny and Lichtor, 2007). Intravenous administration of oxycodone, hydrocodone, and morphine was studied in healthy individuals to determine effects and potency. It was discovered that all three drugs had similar effects inducing dysphoria. However, potency was determined to be greatest in oxycodone, then morphine, then hydrocodone (Stoops et Al., 2010). The effects of oxycodone were compared to those of lorazepam and morphine in healthy individuals. Psychotropic effects were more pronounced in oxycodone treated patients compared to those treated with lorazepam. Unpleasant effects as determined by the patients were greater in oxycodone treated patients compared to those of lorazepam (Zachney and Gutierrez, 2002). Opioid withdrawal suppression was examined in healthy individuals wi th tramadol. After a regimen of oxycodone higher doses of tramadol suppressed withdrawal effects, as studies indicated. Feelings of sickness and nausea were initially associated with these effects, followed by suppression of oxycodone withdrawal effects. It was suggested that tramadol may be an effective drug for treating oxycodone withdrawal effects in humans (Lofwall et Al. 2007). Tramadol has low rates of diversion and abuse and mixed pharmacologic actions, including modest opioid agonist activity, and is an unscheduled atypical analgesic. To characterize the opioid withdrawal suppression efficacy of oral tramadol was the purpose of the study. Opioid dependent, residential adults were maintained on morphine for approximately six weeks. Substituting placebo for scheduled morphine doses 17.5 hours before experimental sessions that occurred twice weekly was the method for producing spontaneous opioid withdrawal. Under double-blind, double- dummy, randomized conditions, the acute eff ects of placebo, tramadol, naloxone, and morphine were tested. Outcomes included physiologic indices, psychomotor/cognitive task performance, and observer- and subject-rated measures. Prototypic opioid antagonist and agonist effects were produced by naloxone and morphine, respectively. Effects most similar to placebo were produced by Tramadol 50 and 100 mg. Tramadol 200 and 400 mg initially produced significant dose-related increases in ratings of â€Å"

Race and Gender Roles Movie Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Race and Gender Roles - Movie Review Example The reflective lyrics makes Knowles envision herself in the role of her disregarding guy as is in the lyrics "I'd put myself first/ And make the rules as I go/ 'Cause I know that she'd be faithful/ Waitin' for me to come home." However, the wife is shown to be relentlessly trying to understand her husband and making excuses for him but it is never the other way around. It shows how a woman feels through the eyes of herself. It uses technique of making the man sit at home and act like a wife by running behind her all the time. If it were shot otherwise, the wife may not have looked as dismal and ignored as a husband did in this video. This fact not only shows the perspectives the society has long built up but also the insensitive attitude toward them. According to a review: "The lyrics are both a lament for misunderstanding between the genders and an indictment of the male side of relationships. It's a perfect follow up to the independent attitude of B'Day and lays the groundwork for another exploration of what it means to be a woman in the world today. The pain of experience is palpable counter-balanced somewhat by a sense of hope that progress can still be made." The video disregards any observable aspects race may have played in such a situation.

Effective and non-effective medications used to treat OxyContin Research Paper

Effective and non-effective medications used to treat OxyContin addiction - Research Paper Example Effective and Non-effective Medications Used to Treat OxyContin and Opioid Addiction OxyContin is an extended release form of oxycodone, which was approved by the Food and Drug Administration in 1995 for the treatment of chronic pain. The FDA approval of this drug has played a role in overdose and death, as well as addiction, in the recent past (Okie, 2010). The molecular structure of OxyContin is similar to that of morphine, and is a member of the Phenanthrene family of compounds. OxyContin, or oxycodone, is a schedule II drug according to the Drug Enforcement Agency, and is used to treat moderate to severe pain and is DEA listed as a highly addictive medication. The drug itself, and not the metabolites, is the main cause of analgesia (Trescot et Al., 2008). Oxycodone and morphine were compared for similar psychotropic effects and dosage in healthy humans. It was found that the dosage ratio of oxycodone and morphine was approximately 3:1, as had been established in previous studies, but that the subjects experienced more pronounced psychotropic effects with oxycodone. The relief of pain, however, was similar with both drugs. Psychomotor impairment was similar with both drugs as well (Zacny and Lichtor, 2007). Intravenous administration of oxycodone, hydrocodone, and morphine was studied in healthy individuals to determine effects and potency. It was discovered that all three drugs had similar effects inducing dysphoria. However, potency was determined to be greatest in oxycodone, then morphine, then hydrocodone (Stoops et Al., 2010). The effects of oxycodone were compared to those of lorazepam and morphine in healthy individuals. Psychotropic effects were more pronounced in oxycodone treated patients compared to those treated with lorazepam. Unpleasant effects as determined by the patients were greater in oxycodone treated patients compared to those of lorazepam (Zachney and Gutierrez, 2002). Opioid withdrawal suppression was examined in healthy individuals wi th tramadol. After a regimen of oxycodone higher doses of tramadol suppressed withdrawal effects, as studies indicated. Feelings of sickness and nausea were initially associated with these effects, followed by suppression of oxycodone withdrawal effects. It was suggested that tramadol may be an effective drug for treating oxycodone withdrawal effects in humans (Lofwall et Al. 2007). Tramadol has low rates of diversion and abuse and mixed pharmacologic actions, including modest opioid agonist activity, and is an unscheduled atypical analgesic. To characterize the opioid withdrawal suppression efficacy of oral tramadol was the purpose of the study. Opioid dependent, residential adults were maintained on morphine for approximately six weeks. Substituting placebo for scheduled morphine doses 17.5 hours before experimental sessions that occurred twice weekly was the method for producing spontaneous opioid withdrawal. Under double-blind, double- dummy, randomized conditions, the acute eff ects of placebo, tramadol, naloxone, and morphine were tested. Outcomes included physiologic indices, psychomotor/cognitive task performance, and observer- and subject-rated measures. Prototypic opioid antagonist and agonist effects were produced by naloxone and morphine, respectively. Effects most similar to placebo were produced by Tramadol 50 and 100 mg. Tramadol 200 and 400 mg initially produced significant dose-related increases in ratings of â€Å"

Default Unnecessary Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Default Unnecessary - Essay Example This is because, it is considerably overrated. The authors argue that, market overreaction usually occurs with unpleasant implications for county’s borrowing expenses and liability dynamics. Several market commentators generally argue that, default is predictable. They support this by focusing on the extent of the modification and persistent advertising concerns reflected in the government’s distribution of treasury bonds. The authors also provide several arguments and their rebuttals. For instance, they argue that, it is difficult to evade default since it results from the diverse need of economic adjustments. They assert that, such adjustments, requires proper maintenance of the debt to GDP proportion. Consequently, the maintenance would improve cyclic adjusted primary balance deficits. Conversely, fiscal adjustment on the requisite scale normally is exceptional. In the previous times, records depict an existence of 14 episodes in advanced economies, as well as 26 episodes in the growing economies. This results from actions of individual countries adjusting their structural principal balance beyond 7 percent of the GDP (Corttarelli 6). The authors have argued that, the alternative approach for restructuring, which is suggested by the market commentators, would not settle the imbalance between expenses and reimbursements. They then recommend for a non- confrontational restructuring, which would carry inferior reputational expenses for the borrower. Secondly, they argue that, it is hard to evade default due to the towering interest rates that make the debt unmanageable. This is because; the government debt takes time to mature. In general the household exchange debt carries a long term share in the sophisticated economies (Corttarelli 8). In the current sophisticated economies, actual interests’ rate is lesser than other economies which have experienced default in the past. In comparison, countries which experienced default in the past, the

The Practice Of Ethical Behavior By Managers Marketing Essay

The Practice Of Ethical Behavior By Managers Marketing Essay Nowadays the practice of ethical behavior by managers and the high position jobs are dramatically decreasing due to the irresponsibilitys of these people towards the society. But there are some other companies that maintain to act as ethical behavior and choose to keep their role in society. The unethical behavior of companies are arising from the east till the west and these acts can be prevented by business leaders such as drive ethical behavior into the cultures of their organizations and create an environment in which every individual takes personal responsibility for doing the right thing in the right way (Ryan, 2009). The ethical behavior should be implemented from the higher level of organization such as CEOs and board of directors in order to be modeling for the lower level of position jobs. The company which did a lot of unethical behavior in the recent years towards its customers is Toyota Motors Co. that there were problems in accelerators stick and brake problems. On the other hand, a company like BMW Motors Co. does a lot of ethical behavior which was selected in 2009 as one of the most ethical companies among 99 firms that was ranked by Ethisphere Institute (Edmunds Inc, 2009). The company considers the safety issues in a lot of terms such as the brake system and airbag system which have derived the company to be among the most ethical behaving firms. Also it behaves in an ethical behavior toward its employees. The BMW Company has chosen four styles for its leadership such as visionary, empathetic, humble servitude and moral/ethical issues (Karlgaard, 2010). II. History of Toyota: Toyota Motor Company was invented by Sakichi Toyoda on 28th August 1937 after seven years of funding on a research and development of automobile (European University Institute, 2010). In 1947 after the Second World War the company started to export the first vehicles to Okinawa and Egypt (European University Institute, 2010). But the company started to sell the vehicles internationally by 1957 with establishing its headquarter in Hollywood (Allpar LLC, n.d.). The most influenced president who changed the position of Toyota in the world were Eiji Toyoda from 1967-1982, Shoichiro Toyoda from 1982-1992 and Akio Toyoda who took control over the company in 2009 (Allpar LLC, n.d.). III. History of BMW: The formation of BMW Company starts from 1913 when Karl Rapp formed Rapp-Motorenwerke Company and in 1922 merged with Bayerische Flugzeugwerke the producer of aircraft engines. After the emerge of these two companies formed BMW(Bayerische Motoren Werke). In the early years the company was producing only the aircraft engine and some motorcycle engines. The production of cars by BMW Company started to begin in 1928 when the company bought a car factory in Eisenach. Since that time the company became one of the best companies and ethical behaving in the world and the current president of the company is Norbert Reithofer. Part 2 Body paragraphs-Toyota I. Paragraph 1: One of the unethical issues that the Toyota Company did towards its customers was that the company did not aware its customers about the accelerators stick. According to Ewing (2010) the Toyota Company has stated that it never knew about the electronic defect that was causing the unintended acceleration. But Toyota recently mentioned that there were just only the mats and accelerator sticks problem which in the recent month have been claimed by the customers. However this problem is backed to 2002 when an official bulletin from Toyota was issued to dealers that mentioning there were some electronic malfunctions in 2002 Camry models (AOL Inc, 2010). The service was stating that the problem may exhibit a surging during light throttle input at speeds between 38-42 mph (Ewing, 2010). The problem was only for the 1 MZ-FE engine models which specifically was used for the Camry models (AOL Inc, 2010). In the beginning of 2010 the report was brought to light by two of the Congressman in the US, Bart Stupak, D-Mich and then was followed by the U.S. House Energy Subcommittee in late February 2010 which was first reported by Automotive News (AOL Inc, 2010). And then the actual document was reported on 22 March 2010 by the CNN on its website and through the aired channel program (AOL Inc, 2010). In addition, the Toyota Company has stated that the link between the surging Toyotas and its electronic systems is unfounded (AOL Inc, 2010). Also it was mentioned that the issue was only related to the mats floor and accelerator pedals sticky problems which is solely are related to the mechanical problem and there is nothing related to the electronic one (AOL Inc, 2010). After all of these justifications from Toyota officials, one of the Congressman Bart Stupak said that it does not believe the companys statement (AOL Inc, 2010). Later Stupak stated there is an electronic problem rather than a mechanical problem which the Toyota Company did not address it (AOL Inc, 2010). In fact, there is a gremlin in this electronic system which is making these cars accelerate unexpectedly, and unfortunately, it has resulted in some serious accidents and deaths (AOL Inc, 2010). But in one of the Toyotas recall websites company said that the internal investigation is going on and Toyota is confident that there is no defects exist in ECU (AOL Inc, 2010). In fact, the complaints began in early decade when Toyota moved a lot of its primary throttle components to electronic controls (AOL Inc, 2010). These changes in technology were considered to be a high improvement for the 2002 Camry Models in which used the an accelerator pedal sensor, a throttle control motor, a throttle position sensor and the engine control module (AOL Inc, 2010). These upgrading were done in order to improve the reliability, efficiency and safety of these cars throttle components to electronic (AOL Inc, 2010). According to 7days newspaper (2010) the Toyota saved more than $100 million by pursuing the US regulators in order to agree a cheap installation of involuntary acceleration problem increased the criticism over the companys president Akio Toyoda following the meeting on 24 February 2010 to the United States Congress (7days, 2010). In February the US regulators bought the Lexus ES 350 from a Tennessee woman and said it will test the vehicle after the owner of the vehicle said that she lost the control of the car when it accelerated automatically and the car toped speed by 100 miles per hour and then after travelling of six miles the car slowed down which was happened in 2006 (Rhonda Smith 2010 cited in 7days 2010). In 2006, after the issue the owner took the car to the local dealer but could not find any problem (Rhonda Smith 2010 cited in 7days 2010). However in 2007 the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration found that the problem was related to the floor mates that was jamming the accelerators pedal (7days, 2010). After all of these unethical behaviors of the company towards its customer the US authorities have announced recently that it is going to fine a hefty amount which is more than $16 million after it failed to report the defects problem within four months. This announcement came after 70,000 pages of evidence being uncovered by Department of Transportation (7days, 2010). Ray LaHood the US Transport Secretary said we now have proof that Toyota failed to live up to its legal obligations (7days, 2010). The Toyota Company could avoid this fine by investigating the issue at the beginning and fix those faulty at that time. II. Paragraph 2: The second unethical behavior that the company did towards its consumers in the current year is that it did not inform the consumers about the brake problems of Toyota Prius 2010 models. Due to this problem the US Transportation Department has started investigation when there was an announcement from the Toyota that had brake problem with the Prius Models and fixed that in January by changing the softwares brake system (BBC News, 2010). The investigation is looking into the problem that the brake is losing its capability while traveling on a disrupted road surface and on speed breakers (BBC News, 2010). Recently, there were 124 complaints about this issue which leaded to four crashes in the United State but there was no any issues reported in the United Kingdom (BBC News, 2010). Till now there is no any recall for the Prius Models, but the company is planning to recall those vehicles which were made and sold in South Africa (Toyota Companys spokesman 2010 cited in BBC News 2010). How ever there are being seen by the company that there are some clashes between the anti-lock brake system (ABS) and regenerative braking which it needs more investigation to be done in order to decide whether to recall those cars or not (Toyotas managing officer, Hiroyuki Yokoyama 2010 cited in BBC News 2010). Currently the Companys admission is looking into 200 reports about braking problem from customers in the United State and Japan but there was no any problem in Europe. In addition, the Japanese Government is pressuring on the Toyota Company in order to investigate the problem (BBC News, 2010). In the Northern Ireland there was a case that a customer bought the car in July last year, after two weeks the customer noticed that the brake is performing inconsistently. The problem was happening when pressing the brake pedal before reaching at a traffic light or a junction the brake releases for seconds. Then the car stops after rolling six to eight feet before it reapplies. But Toyota UK have stated that after the customers reports an investigation went under way and they did not find any fault in brakes. It was blamed on the drivers and stated that it is the way that the brake system works in Prius Models. So far the company has recalled more than 8.5 million vehicles in recent months due to the unintended acceleration and brake problem which was affecting the glitch in Prius Models and other models including a recall of 3120 Sequoia and Avalon cars by Al Futtaim in the UAE (7days, 2010). The regulators in the United State said that there are five deaths and 29 fatality accidents are reported due to unintended acceleration (7days, 2010). A recent internal document which is related to 2009 that was discovered by the authorities that there was a saving of more than $100 million by Toyotas Washington DC staff and satisfied the regulators in order to end up with an investigation which was about the unintended acceleration complaints and cheap floor mat recall (7day s, 2010). There is a big debate now whether the company ignored or missed the complaints about the unintended acceleration and whether the US safety regulators were serious enough about the problem (7days, 2010). But in the document were clearly seen that there was a slow response from Toyota to the problem, said the US Department of Transportation (7days, 2010). The launch of a publicity campaign in the last month by Toyota Company was to satisfy the customers that the company is addressing the problems (7days, 2010). In January there was a dramatic decrease of 16 percent in the US sales and estimated there will be a total cost of $2 billion due to the recent recall (7days, 2010). It appears that the Toyota problem varies in many models. In February it came into view that there are steering problems in the Toyota Corolla, which is known as the most popular car in the world, was the latest issue about the problem (7days, 2010). The investigation began in the United State after 129 c omplaints were made by drivers about the steering problems (7days, 2010). III. Effect of unethical behaviour: The effect of unethical behavior of Toyotas Company was a hefty amount and damaged its reputation in the market. There were a lot of automakers that were badly hit by the economic downturn but with the recall of millions of Toyotas due to safety issues, those companies have regained from this situation (7days, 2010). General Motors is leading the opportunity by offering money to Toyota owners in order to by the GM models, while the GM was toppled in two years ago by Toyota as the worlds biggest automaker, and the company went through a bankruptcy and the US government helped the company to be reinvented (7days, 2010). It is a real problem for Toyota Company as the numbers of recalls are huge and is going to lose its biggest market share in the US and Europe (Frank Schwope 2010 cited in 7days 2010). Also there are other automakers that are gaining from this opportunity such as Honda, Nissan and Ford Company (7days, 2010). Last month, after the beginning of trouble, the GM was offering a tempting discount of $1000 to the owners of Toyota with the exchange of a GM model (7days, 2010). In fact, the Toyota Company should do respond to these faults if the company wants to reduce the impact of lose and regain back some of the share market (7days, 2010). According to a recent research, the Toyota sales fell by 16 percent while the GM and Ford Company have increased by 14 and 25 percent respectively (7days, 2010). In fact, there were some roots that caused of unethical behavior such as character, information, expectation and judgment of the Toyotas managers and CEOs because these people were the most responsible people in the company that ignored the safety of the customers. In reality, the cost of unethical failures by Toyota is estimated to be a lot that some of them are considered to be the loss of business, fines and penalties, loss of company reputation, loss of employee morale, recruiting difficulties and employee turnover. Part 3 Body Paragraphs-BMW I. Paragraph 1: On the other hand, BMW Motor Company has done many ethical behaviors toward their customers by improving the safety issues such as installing and developing the Anti-lock Brake System (ABS). The brake system that the company is using is one of the greatest and most advanced when compared to the other cars model. The ABS is an advanced technology with a sensor that helps the driver to prevent the locking of the brake in cases that the driver uses the brake instantly with the full power in a sudden case (BMW Group, n.d.). The system also helps to maintain and balance the speed of rotation of wheels in a rainy, icy or on uneven road surfaces when the driver uses the brake in an instant case and helps the driver to easily turn the steering and avoid the accident (BMW Group, n.d.). Also in cases that when one side of the vehicle is on the icy or rainy road and the other side is on the pavement, it prevents the vehicle from rotating by balancing on the reduction of the rotation of the whee ls (BMW Group, n.d.). Moreover, the system allows the highest pressure while the wheels are rotating in a controlled way (BMW Group, n.d.). The system minimizes the pressure of the brake in order the wheel to rotate in a controlled way and steer the vehicle, when there is a feel that the wheel is going to be locked or already is locked (BMW Group, n.d.). The second safety issue which BMW Company considers about is the airbag system. Statistics show that the airbag reduces the number of deaths by 30 percent when there is a direct front collision. In cases when an airbag is not activated in case of fatal accident the company pays one million dirham compensation and damages to the owner of the car because of this faulty. A new generation of child seat and occupant detect system (SBE2) has been developed by the BMW Company (Lu et al 2001). The system detects according to pressure profile measured by a force sensitive sensor array and the change of electrical field recorded in capacitanc e (Lu et al 2001). This system is purely based on two subsystems, FDS which is based on the capacitive principle and OC is based on the pressure subsystem (Lu et al 2001). II. Reason Benefits of BMW success: There are some reasons that the BMW Motor Company became the leader of luxury vehicle seller. The company adapted four types of leadership visionary, empathetic, humble servitude and moral/ethical issues (Karlgaard, 2010). The visionary leadership style in BMW is that the company changed and retooled its brands from the normal and economic car to luxury one (Karlgaard, 2010). It developed its vision till that the company became the biggest seller of luxury cars and overtaking the Mercedes-Benz which once owned the position (Karlgaard, 2010). The second leadership style that the company follows is empathy (Karlgaard, 2010). The company is full of empathetic leaders that the company is successful in its field of business because there are inspiration and engagement between the employees and leaders of the business which resulted to have the best vehicles and on the other side to have the most satisfied customers (Karlgaard, 2010). The other leadership style that the company follows is the humble servitude in which states that at first the businesses should listen to customers and then establish a form of service for the company (Karlgaard, 2010). The last leadership style that the company follows is moral/ethical issues in which the company states that every employee should follow a set of golden rule when dealing with any customer of the company which can be known as the most powerful tools towards the human frailty (Karlgaard, 2010). These types of leadership style can avoid any unethical behavior in businesses and if the Toyota Company was considering these types of leadership style in its business it could avoid the deaths of a lot of its customers and maintained the good reputation of the business worldwide. Also the company used the core of managerial mystique which contains subsystems such as decision-making prowess, functional rationality and substantive rationality. After 1980s, the BMW Company has developed more safety technologies as it compared to oth er automaker which have leaded to the saving the lives of a lot of drivers and passengers of these cars. BMW Company has gained a lot of advantages as a result of following ethical conduct. The advantages are varied; such as competitive advantage, customer loyalty, enhanced reputation, positive work environment, employer of choice and employee retention as it is compared to its rival companies in the world. Part 3 Conclusion In conclusion, the Toyota Company should do more in order to improve the ethical behavior within the business and toward its customer. These acts that the Toyota Company did in order to save the cost and make more profit but these profits are for the short-run and after that there will be a hefty amount of loss as the company is facing currently. In addition, it will damage the reputation of the business in the market. The Toyota Company should look at the BMW Company how it follows the ethical behavior within its business and towards its customers. By following ethical behavior the companies can avoid cases that now Toyota Company is facing. If all companies around the world think about the safety and quality of their product, then there would be less number of deaths due to defect of their products. In addition, the companies should follow ethical behavior in order to avoid the legal action towards their company and increase the productivity by applying the ethical dilemma within t he business. Part 4 Bibliography List 7days., 2010. Could five deaths have been avoided? Claims that Toyota saved $100 million with a cheap fix to be investigated. 23 Feb. p.17. 7days., 2010. Toyota boss to face music: Toyoda heads to the US to stand before Congress. 21 Feb. p.16. 7days., 2010. Toyota is set for record fine. 07 April. p.14. 7days., 2010. Toyotas recall has left rival car firms smiling. 08 Feb. p.19. 7days., 2010. US to test Lexus ES 350 after driver testifies she lost control of car. 28 Feb. p.14. Allpar, LLC. Toyota history: corporate and automotive. [Online]. Available at: http://www.toyoland.com/history.html [accessed 5 April 2010] AOL Inc. 2010. Toyota identified and fixed electronic throttle surging problems in 2002. [Online]. (Updated 23 March 2010) Available at: http://autos.aol.com/article/toyota-throttle-warning-2002/ [accessed 04 April 2010] BBC Online., 2010. US to probe Toyota Prius brake problems. [internet]. 4 February. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/8497471.stm [accessed 05 April 2010] BMW Group. Anti-lock Brake System (ABS). [Online]. Available at: http://www.bmw.com/com/en/insights/technology/technology_guide/articles/anti_lock_brake_system.html [accessed 07 April 2010] Edmunds Inc. 2009. BMW, Toyota Named Among Most Ethical Companies. [Online]. (2010) Available at: http://www.autoobserver.com/2009/04/bmw-toyota-named-among-most-ethical-companies.html [accessed 3 April 2010] European University Institute, 2010. The History of Toyota: A short overview. [Online]. (2010). Available at: http://www.eui.eu/Personal/Researchers/ae86_project1/history.htm [accessed 5 April 2010] Ewing, S, J. 2010. Toyota reportedly knew about unintended acceleration issues caused by electronics in 2002. [Online]. (Updated 23 March 2010) Available at: http://www.autoblog.com/2010/03/23/report-toyota-knew-about-unintended-acceleration-issues-in-2002/3 [accessed 04 April 2010] Gee, T, S., 2010. A Brief History of BMW Motor Cars. [Online]. (2010) Available at: http://ezinearticles.com/?A-Brief-History-of-BMW-Motor-Carsid=1419687 [accessed 5 April 2010] Karlgaard, R., 2010. Four Styles of Leadership. (SIGN publication 20) [internet]. New York : SIGN (Published 2010) Available at: http://www.forbes.com/forbes/2009/1102/opinions-rich-karlgaard-digital-rules.html [accessed 3 April 2010] Lu, Y. Marschner, C. Eisenmann, L. Sauer, S., 2001. The new generation of the BMW child seat and occupant detection system SBE2. BMW Groups [Online] 3 (2), p. 1,4. Available at: http://society.kisti.re.kr/~Eksae/_notes/data/pdf/v3n2_2.pdf [accessed 07 April 2010] Ryan, G., 2009. It is important to drive ethical behaviour. [Online] 3 July., Available at: http://milwaukee.bizjournals.com/milwaukee/stories/2009/07/06/editorial3.html [accessed 3 April 2010]

History of the Gay and Lesbian Rights Movement :: Gays and Lesbians in America

THE HOMOPHILE YEARS (1940s-60s – WWII, Cold War, McCarthyism): 1940s  · Growth in the urban subculture of gay men and lesbians.  · Government and police harassment, persecution, and investigation of gays. 1950s-1960s  · The homophile movement remained small and relatively marginalized. End of 1960s  · Rise of activism + â€Å"Gay is good†  · Reformist goals: à ¼ decriminalization of homosexual acts, à ¼ equal treatment and equal rights under the law, à ¼ dissemination of accurate, à ¼ â€Å"unbiased† information about homosexuality.  · Achievements: à ¼ right to publish gay and lesbian magazines, à ¼ first employment discrimination cases won, à ¼ constraints on police harassment, à ¼ dialogue opened in the scientific and religious communities, à ¼ media visibility, à ¼ organizational impulse, à ¼ denunciation of how gays and lesbians are a mistreated, persecuted minority.  · Problems: Society’s hostility against homosexuals and the penalties attached to exposure. STONEWALL AND THE EMERGENCE OF RADICAL GAY LIBERATION (1969-e1970s): June 1969  · Stonewall Riot à ° Symbol of a new militance. Result: a radical mass movement. Early 1970s  · Gay Liberation Front (GLF): Radical gay and lesbian activism.  · Influences: civil rights movement, Black Power movement, white student movement, antiwar movement, and feminism.  · Goals: à ¼ Attack of the systemic oppression of gays and lesbians. à ¼ Analysis of gay oppression and sexism. à ¼ Making common cause with â€Å"all the oppressed† and commitment to a larger project of political change. à ¼ Public demonstrations and emphasis on visibility.  · Achievements: à ¼ New rhetoric of pride and affirmation. à ¼ Political, social, and cultural organizations that helped build a movement and a community. à ¼ Public affirmation of homosexual identity (coming out in public).  · Problems: Employment discrimination, arrests, political conservatism, economic entrenchment, and lack of attention to sexism and racism. A GAY RIGHTS MOVEMENT (1970s):  · Reformative politics: Rather than try to destroy the old in order to build something new, they sought recognition and inclusion in American society. à ¼ Gay Activist Alliance (GAA). à ¼ From liberation to activism.  · Emphasis on coming out and gay rights. They expected and demanded acceptance for who they were.  · Militant and angry protests.  · Language of pride and self-affirmation; rejection of mainstream cultural views of homosexuality.  · Single-issue organizations, completely gay-focused, with clearly specified structures and processes.  · Goals: ending job discrimination, media invisibility, church and military discrimination.  · Achievements: à ¼ 1973 à ° the American Psychiatric Association eliminates homosexuality from its list of mental disorders. à ¼ less discrimination and harassment, à ¼ greater visibility, à ¼ new economic opportunities for gay-oriented businesses (bars, bathhouses, discos, restaurants, etc.

Hardy-weinburg Equilibrium :: essays research papers

The Hardy-Weinberg theorem states that the frequency of alleles and genotypes in a population’s gene pool remain constant over the generations unless acted upon by agents other than sexual recombination. For example, take a population of mice that consists of 1,000 members. A specific allele, albino allele, is recessive within this species. 80% of the population expresses the normal phenotype- brown coloring, while the remaining 20% are albino. 640 members of the population have the genotype AA, 320 have Aa, and 40 have aa. If completely random mating were to occur, there would be an 80% chance that a gamete would bear the normal allele, A, and a 20% chance that the gamete would bear the albino allele, a. The resulting offspring will display the following genotype ratios: AA will have 64%, Aa 32% (the chance of the offspring having the A allele is 96%), and aa 4%. The offspring have the same genotype ratio as their parents. This example was one of Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. The next generation will express the same genotype ratio as their parents, and so on. But what exactly is needed to create Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium? (Basically, a population in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium s not evolving in any way.) Five specific factors are needed to create Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium within a population- a very large population, isolation from other populations, no net mutations, random mating, and no natural selection. The first element needed to create Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium is a very large population size. The larger the population, the less likely it is for genetic drift to occur. Genetic drift is a chance fluctuation in the gene pool that may change the frequencies of alleles. A large population can better represent the gene pool of the previous generation than a small one. In order to completely eliminate all chances of genetic drift, a population would have to be infinitely large. Thus, we can see here that perfect Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, which has no changes in the frequency of alleles, would require no genetic drift at all, and genetic drift itself is only possible in a population of infinite size. There are two types of genetic drift- the bottleneck effect and the founder effect. Both severely decrease the variability within a population, altering the frequencies of alleles and thus making Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium impossible. If a disaster occurs in a population, killing off many members, the surviving members will not be representative of the original population. Hardy-weinburg Equilibrium :: essays research papers The Hardy-Weinberg theorem states that the frequency of alleles and genotypes in a population’s gene pool remain constant over the generations unless acted upon by agents other than sexual recombination. For example, take a population of mice that consists of 1,000 members. A specific allele, albino allele, is recessive within this species. 80% of the population expresses the normal phenotype- brown coloring, while the remaining 20% are albino. 640 members of the population have the genotype AA, 320 have Aa, and 40 have aa. If completely random mating were to occur, there would be an 80% chance that a gamete would bear the normal allele, A, and a 20% chance that the gamete would bear the albino allele, a. The resulting offspring will display the following genotype ratios: AA will have 64%, Aa 32% (the chance of the offspring having the A allele is 96%), and aa 4%. The offspring have the same genotype ratio as their parents. This example was one of Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. The next generation will express the same genotype ratio as their parents, and so on. But what exactly is needed to create Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium? (Basically, a population in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium s not evolving in any way.) Five specific factors are needed to create Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium within a population- a very large population, isolation from other populations, no net mutations, random mating, and no natural selection. The first element needed to create Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium is a very large population size. The larger the population, the less likely it is for genetic drift to occur. Genetic drift is a chance fluctuation in the gene pool that may change the frequencies of alleles. A large population can better represent the gene pool of the previous generation than a small one. In order to completely eliminate all chances of genetic drift, a population would have to be infinitely large. Thus, we can see here that perfect Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, which has no changes in the frequency of alleles, would require no genetic drift at all, and genetic drift itself is only possible in a population of infinite size. There are two types of genetic drift- the bottleneck effect and the founder effect. Both severely decrease the variability within a population, altering the frequencies of alleles and thus making Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium impossible. If a disaster occurs in a population, killing off many members, the surviving members will not be representative of the original population.